A análise de dados de área (lattice data) foca na modelagem da dependência entre unidades discretas (municípios, setores censitários, grids), sendo fundamental para políticas públicas e inferência causal.
O modelo BYM2 (Besag-York-Mollié reparametrizado) implementado via INLA pode ser usado para estimar riscos relativos de doenças em pequenas áreas, suavizando taxas instáveis decorrentes de populações rarefeitas e quantificando a proporção exata da variância atribuível à estrutura espacial.
Podem ser usados para monitorar a difusão dinâmica de doenças infecciosas (como Dengue ou COVID-19), permitindo identificar padrões de propagação entre municípios vizinhos ao longo do tempo e detectar ondas epidêmicas defasadas.
Mensurar efeitos de transbordamento (spillovers) locais, estimando, por exemplo, como o investimento em infraestrutura em um município impacta diretamente o crescimento econômico dos seus vizinhos imediatos, sem as restrições de feedback global.
A Regressão Geograficamente Ponderada Multiescalar (MGWR) pode ser usada para identificar a escala de operação de diferentes determinantes econômicos, revelando, por exemplo, se o impacto da renda sobre o preço da habitação é um processo global (estacionário) enquanto o impacto da segurança pública é estritamente local.
Modelos de regressão espacial para contagens (Poisson ou Binomial Negativa Espacial) podem ser usados para testar teorias de desorganização social em micro-unidades, permitindo associar variáveis socioeconômicas (como desigualdade e densidade) a taxas de criminalidade, controlando rigorosamente pela autocorrelação espacial para evitar falsos positivos.
Modelos autorregressivos condicionais (CAR) podem ser usados para correlacionar a exposição a poluentes atmosféricos com indicadores de privação social, ajustando a análise para fatores de confusão espacial não observados e garantindo inferências válidas sobre iniquidades ambientais.
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